ABDUL SALAM MIR (MAJROOH) of PAMPORE

ABDUL SALAM MIR (MAJROOH) S/O:- LATE ABDUL SAMAD MIR (one of the freedom fighters of the Jammu and Kashmir  on his days against Maharaja's Brutal Rule in 1940s. R/O:- NAMBLABAL NEAR AMEER-I-KABIR MASJID PAMPORE JAMMU AND KASHMIR- 192121.

ABDUL SALAM MIR (MAJROOH)

Family Background nearest ones: wife Saja Baigum,

ABDUL SALAM MIR & SAJA BAIGUM

four sons: 
1) The eldest son Khursheed Ahmad Mir: 

KHURSHEED AHMAD MIR

2) Javaid Ahmad Mir:

JAVAID AHMAD MIR

3) Mir Abdul Nasir:

  4) The youngest son Mir Zulfkar:

Mir Zulfikar at Boys Hr.Sec.School Pampore in Jan 2020

and one daughter Tahira Akhtar.
   One month ago on dated 7th February 2020 early midnight at 1:30 A.M. starting hours of Friday he (Abdul Salam Mir) died due to heart attack at home and left this world at his age of 78. He was one of brave and courageous persons of all time.He was a retired government employee of higher rank in PWD in Jammu and Kashmir.He was also a poet and writer that is why he got a popular name of MAJROOH SAHAB and became famous with this name.He was a leader of trade union in his service period.He became a general secretary of Falahi Bahbood Commity of Pampore for various years in his later age. He has written a book of HISTORY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR which is still under processing for printing and publishing.

ABDUL SALAM MIR IS WRITING A BOOK

Newspaper Kashmir Uzma 7th February 2020

ABDUL SALAM MIR AT CHANAPORA PRIVATE HOSPITAL

ABDUL SALAM MIR

Newspaper Aftab 4th May, 2001

Memorable Movements of 1997 (Recapturing a Past)

Few memorable movements of 1997.

House of Abdul Samad Mir at Pampore

       This house 🏠 was built by Late Abdul Samad Mir in 1950s at Namblabal Pampore which was later demolished in 2000 by his eldest Son Abdul Salam Mir due to it's muddy and old interior structure and reconstructed a new designed house there on the same place.

Treaty of Amritsar in 1846 AD.

Treaty of Amritsar in 1846 AD.

• After weakened of Afghan rule in Kashmir in 1810 AD.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore Darbar decided to conquer the three separate States of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh one by one.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was stronger than the rulers of these three separate states at that time.
• First Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered and annexed Jammu to the Lahore Darbar in 1816 AD. The last king of Jammu was Jit Singh Dev (little Son of  Dalel Singh or grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Dev of Jammu) who was compelled by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and he surrendered.
• Than Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered and annexed Kashmir to the  Lahore Darbar in 1819 AD. by defeated Afghan governor Jabbar Khan.
• Later in 1834 AD. With the help of Zorawar Singh Kahaluria of Reasi who was Wazir of Jammu King Raja Gulab Singh attacked Ladakh and defeated it's ruler Tsepal Namgyal and annexed Ladakh to the Lahore Darbar.
• After annexation of Jammu to Lahore Darbar Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent Gulab Singh who was military commander of his army to Jammu against the local leader of Jammu Mian Dido in 1820 AD.
• Gulab Singh killed Mian Dido and conquered Kishtwar , Rajouri and few other states of Jammu hills and annexed them to Lahore Darbar.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh honoured Gulab Singh with the title of Raja. And Gulab Singh became Raja Gulab Singh.
• In 1822 AD. Gulab Singh crowned himself as the king of Jammu on the bank of River Chenab. He also appointed Zorawar Singh as his Wazir.
• In 1839 AD. Maharaja Ranjit Singh died a natural death.
• After death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Lahore Darbar weakened day by day.
• In 1845 AD. The British Forces attacked Punjab and First Anglo- Punjab war was fought. The British forces defeated the army of Lahore Darbar and compelled it's ruler Dalip or Dilip Singh to sign a treaty.
• On 9th March, 1846 AD. first Treaty was signed between the British and Maharaja Dalip or Dilip Singh of Lahore Darbar, which is now known as "THE TREATY OF LAHORE" where Raja Gulab Singh became a mediator. According to one of the clauses of this treaty , Maharaja Dalip Singh accepted Gulab Singh as an independent sovereign.
• On 15th March, 1846 AD. 2nd Treaty was signed between the British government (on the plan of British Viceroy Harding) and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu which is now known as " THE TREATY OF AMRITSAR" where British government agreed to hand over Kashmir and other hill territories to Raja Gulab Singh on the condition of the payment of Rupees seventy five lakhs (75,00,000 Nanak Shahi Rupees) as war indemnity to the British. Raja Gulab Singh accepted the condition and received said territories as his kingdom. So, Raja Gulab Singh became Maharaja Gulab Singh. Though Maharaja Gulab Singh paid RS. 75,00,000 (Nanak Shahi Rupees) to British in lieu of Kashmir, he did not acquire independent position. He remained as a tributary to the British Government."The Treaty of Amritsar" consists of ten (10) articles .

Treaty of Amritsar

March 16, 1846

   The treaty between the British Government on the one part and Maharajah Gulab Singh of Jammu on the other concluded on the part of the British Government by Frederick Currie, Esq. and Brevet-Major Henry Montgomery Lawrence, acting under the orders of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Hardinge, G.C.B., one of her Britannic Majesty's most Honorable Privy Council, Governor-General of the possessions of the East India Company, to direct and control all the affairs in the East Indies and by Maharajah Gulab Singh in person - 1846.

1.  Article 1 The British Government transfers and makes over for ever in independent possession to Maharajah Gulab Singh and the heirs male of his body all the hilly or mountainous country with its dependencies situated to the eastward of the River Indus and the westward of the River Ravi including Chamba and excluding Lahol, being part of the territories ceded to the British Government by the Lahore State according to the provisions of Article IV of the Treaty of Lahore, dated 9 March 1846.
2. Article 2 The eastern boundary of the tract transferred by the foregoing article to Maharajah Gulab Singh shall be laid down by the Commissioners appointed by the British Government and Maharajah Gulab Singh respectively for that purpose and shall be defined in a separate engagement after survey.
3. Article 3 In consideration of the transfer made to him and his heirs by the provisions of the foregoing article Maharajah Gulab Singh will pay to the British Government the sum of seventy-five lakhs of rupees (Nanukshahee), fifty lakhs to be paid on or before the 1st October of the current year, A.D., 1846.
4. Article 4 The limits of territories of Maharajah Gulab Singh shall not be at any time changed without concurrence of the British Government.
5. Article 5 Maharajah Gulab Singh will refer to the arbitration of the British Government any disputes or question that may arise between himself and the Government of Lahore or any other neighboring State, and will abide by the decision of the British Government.
6. Article 6 Maharajah Gulab Singh engages for himself and heirs to join, with the whole of his Military Forces, the British troops when employed within the hills or in the territories adjoining his possessions.
7. Article 7 Maharajah Gulab Singh engages never to take to retain in his service any British subject nor the subject of any European or American State without the consent of the British Government.
8. Article 8 Maharajah Gulab Singh engages to respect in regard to the territory transferred to him, the provisions of Articles V, VI and VII of the separate Engagement between the British Government and the Lahore Durbar, dated 11 March 1846.
9. Article 9 The British Government will give its aid to Maharajah Gulab Singh in protecting his territories from external enemies.
10. Article 10 Maharajah Gulab Singh acknowledges the supremacy of the British Government and will in token of such supremacy present annually to the British Government one horse, twelve shawl goats of approved breed (six male and six female) and three pairs of Cashmere shawls.

This Treaty of ten articles has been this day settled by Frederick Currie, Esq. and Brever-Major Henry Montgomery Lawrence, acting under directions of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Hardinge, Governor-General, on the part of the British Government and by Maharajah Gulab Singh in person, and the said Treaty has been this day ratified by the seal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Hardinge, Governor-General. Done at Amritsar the sixteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, corresponding with the seventeenth day of Rubee-ul-Awal (1262 Hijri).

(Signed) H. Hardinge (Seal) (Signed) F. Currie (Signed) H. M. Lawrence

• In 1847 AD. Under a settlement Sujanpur , part of Pathankot , Chakki etc. was taken by the British to settle a claim RS. 42,800. The boundary of Jammu and Kashmir was thus laid after these and other minor adjustments. Thus , the Jammu , Kashmir and Ladakh were politically United by Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra , which resulted in the formation of one new state i.e. Jammu and Kashmir.

Jammu and Kashmir

Important events regarding Kashmir History Since 1320 AD

Kashmir History 

Since 1320 AD

• Rinchin (a Tibetan) embraced Islam and became first Muslim rulers of Kashmir in 1320 AD.He Called himself Sultan Sadru-ud-din.
• Rinchin (Sultan Sadru-ud-din) ruled only for three years and died in 1323 AD.
• Jama Masjid Srinagar built by Sultan Sadru-ud-din during his reign.
• Bulbul Shah (a Sufi Saint) was Sultan Sadru-ud-din's mentor.
• Kota Rani (a woman ruler of Kashmir) ruled Kashmir for almost Fifteen years from 1323 to 1338 AD. She was daughter of Ramachandra , then wife of Sultan Sadru-ud-din, later wife of Udyandev and last as Queen of Kashmir. In 1338-39 AD , after losing a battle with Shah Mir,she committed suicide and ended her life. She was last Hindu ruler of Kashmir.After that SHAHMIRI dynasty became in origin.
• SHAHMIRI DYNASTY ( 1339 AD. to 1561 AD.) Total 18 kings:
• First proper Muslim Ruler of Kashmir :- became Shah Mir in year 1339 AD. He was then Called by the name of Sultan Shams-ud-din. He was actual founder of Muslim Rule in Kashmir.
• Shams-ud-din Sultanate period :- 1339-1342 AD.
• Jamshed Sultanate period :- 1342-1343 AD.
• Alal-du-din :- 1343-1354 AD.
• Shihab-ud-din :- 1354-1373 AD.
• Qutbud din :- 1373-1389 AD.
• Sikander :- 1389-1413 AD.
• In 1393 AD. Son of Hazrat Mir Mohammad Hamadani (RA) visited Kashmir along with 300 other syeeds.
• Malik Saif-ud-din (his first name was Suhabhatt) became a Muslim in the guidance of Mir Muhammad Hamadani (RA).
• Sultan Sikander has been called Butshikan (Idol breaker).
• Khankahi Mualla was built during the reign of Sultan Sikander by Mir Muhammad Hamadani (RA).
• Sultan Sikander died in 1413 AD. and was succeeded by his son Mir Khan(Urf Ali Shah).
• Ali Shah reigned period :- 1413-1420 AD.
• Shahi Khan ( brother of Ali Shah) ascended throne in 1420 AD.He had the title Sultan Zain-ul-Aabidin.He was also called Baba-Shah or Budshah .He reigned for almost Fifty years.He was so popular in his time.He built a popular artificial island in Wular Lake (Kashmir's biggest lake) by the name of Zaina Lank and Sona Lank and Rupa Lank in the Dal Lake.At River Jhelum in Srinagar he built a larger wooden bridge by the name of the Zaina Kadal.He was great linguistic who knew languages of Persian ,Kashmiri , Sanskrit and Tibetan.During his reigning period 2nd part of the famous historical book of kashmir was wrote by Jonaraja and completed upto 1458 AD.The Sultan Zain-ul-Aabidin died in 1470.

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  Zaina Kadal Bridge in Srinagar in current time
  
  

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  Zaina Lank Island in the lake of Wular

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  Zaina Lank small island in the Wular Lake of Kashmir

• Haji Khan (son of Zain-ul-Aabidin) acceded the throne by the title of Haider Shah in 1470 AD.
• Haider Shah Sultanate period:- 1470-1472 AD.
• Hassain Shah Sultanate period :- 1472-1484 AD.
• Mohammad Shah :- 1484-1486 AD.
• Fateh Shah :- 1486-1493 AD.
• Mohammad Shah :- 1493-1505 AD.
• Fateh Shah :- 1505-1514 AD.
• Mohammad Shah :- 1514-1515 AD.
• Fateh Shah :- 1515-1517 AD.
• Mohammad Shah :- 1517-1528 AD.
• Ibrahim Shah :- 1528-1529 AD.
• Nazuk Shah :- 1529-1530 AD.
• Mohammad Shah :- 1530-1537 AD.
• Shamas-ud-din :- 1537-1538 AD.
• Ismail Shah :- 1538-1540 AD.
• Nazuk Shah :- 1540-1551 AD.
• Ibrahim Shah :- 1552-1555 AD.
• Ismail Shah :- 1555-1557 AD.
• Habib Shah :- 1557-1561 AD.He was last ruler of Shah Mir Dynasty.
• In 1561 AD. Mughal King Akbar attempted to invade Kashmir via commander-in-chief Qara Bahadur.Gazi Chak ( Chief Minister of Habib Shah) defeated Mughal army at Rajouri.
• In 1561 AD. Gazi Chak deposed Sultan Habib on the ground of incompetence and himself ascend the throne of Kashmir with the title of Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Gazi Shah.
• CHAK DYNASTY (1561 AD. to 1586 AD.) Total 5 kings:
• In 1561 AD. Chak Dynasty originated in Kashmir.Chaks were originally Dards means residents of Gilgit Huza area.They were Shia's.They successfully resisted the attempts of Babur And Humayun to annex Kashmir before Akbar's attempts.
• Gazi Shah Chak Sultanate period :- 1561-1563 AD.
• Hassan Shah Chak (Brother of Gazi Chak) Sultanate period :- 1563-1570 AD.
• In 1568 AD. There was great Shia Sunni conflict in Kashmir. Hassan Shah Chak was dethroned by Ali Shah Chak in 1570 AD. 
• Ali Shah Chak became new Sultan of Kashmir from period of 1570 to 1578 AD.
• In 1578 AD. after the death of Ali Shah his Son Yousuf Shah Chak ascended the throne.Yousuf Shah Chak married to beautiful and charming poetess of Kashmir Zoon of Chandhara Pampore (Urf Habba Khatun) and made Gulmarg and Sonmarg into a holiday resorts.He tried best toward off the expanding influence of the Mughal but he finally succumbed to the superior forces and strategy of Akbar's generals. He died in a prison in Bihar.
• In 1586 AD. Yaqub Shah Chak (Son of Yusuf Shah Chak) tried to hold on to the throne for some time, but his forces were defeated by the Mughal Army under Qasim Khan at Haripura and this paved the way of Mughal rule in Kashmir. Mughal King Akbar entered into the Kashmir.
• MUGHALS ( 1586 AD to 1753 AD) :
• Akbar's first visit of Kashmir was in 1579 AD.
• Akbar came to Kashmir only three times. He built here a Hari Parbat Fort. He kept himself at Agra Sultanate but ruled sultanate of Kashmir through his selected governors.
• In 1601 AD. Mirza Ali Akbar was the Governor of Kashmir.
• In 1605 AD. Akbar passed away in Agra.
• In 1606 AD. Jahangir (Son of Akbar) became Emperor of India.
• From 1606 AD. to 1627 AD. Jahangir along with Queen Noor Jahan came to Kashmir many times and spent summers here.
• Jahangir laid out Shalimar Bagh (garden).
• Asif Khan ( Brother of Noor Jahan) laid out Nishat Bagh (garden)
• Achhabal and Verinag springs were renovated.
• In 1627 AD. Jahangir died and he was buried at Shahdra.
• In 1627 AD. Shahjahan ( Son of Jahangir) became Emperor of India. He paid several visits to the Kashmir during he reigned. He constructed Chashma Shahi and Pari Mahal gardens in Kashmir.
• In 1651 AD. Shah Jahan visited Kashmir last time. After Shahjahan Aurangzeb became the emperor of India. He sent about 14 governors one after another in the Kashmir , who built many mosques and gardens.Several bridges we're also made.
• Safa Kadal (bridge ) built by Saif Khan ( governer of Aurangzeb)
• In 1748 AD. An Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India. He also sent his forces under Azmatullah Khan to conquer Kashmir but they did not succeed.
• In 1750-51 AD. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India and occupied Punjab.
• In 1753 AD. Ahmad Shah Abdali again invaded india and plundered Delhi.
• In 1753 AD. Ahmad Shah Abdali sent a strong army under commander-in-chief Abdullah Khan Ishaq Aqasi to conquer Kashmir. A battle was fought at Shopian in which Mughal forces were defeated and Afghans entered Srinagar. The event marked the end of Mughal rule in Kashmir.
• AFGHANS (1753 AD. to 1819 AD.) 
• Abdullah Khan Ishaq was the first Afghan Governor of Kashmir. He was killed by Sukh Jiwan Ram.Sukh Jiwan Ram became the ruler of the Kashmir.
• In 1762 AD. Ahmad Shah Abdali reconquered Kashmir and Nur-ud-din was made Governor.
• In 1772 AD. Ahmad Shah Abdali died.
• Amira Kadal (bridge) was built by Afghan Governor Amir Khan Jawan sher. After Amir Khan then came afghan governors of Haji Karim Dad , Azad Khan ( Asad Khan) , Juma Khan , Mohammad Khan , Atta Mohammad Khan , Fateh Mohammad Khan ... 

  

  Amira Kadal (Bridge) built by Amir Khan Jawan Sher

  
  

  

  Amira Kadal (Bridge) built by Afghan Governor Amir Khan

• In 1819 AD. Jabbar Khan was the last Afghan governor of Kashmir when Ranjit Singh occupied Kashmir.
• In 1808 AD. Maharaja Ranjit Singh compelled Jit Dev (the last king of Jammu State) to accept his sovereignty and in 1816 annexed Jammu to the Lahore Darbar.
• Prince Kharak Singh (Son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) became the jagir of Jammu after annexation.
• From 1320 AD. upto 1819 AD. Kashmir remained a part of Muslim kingdom for almost 499 years.
• SIKHS (1819 AD. to 1846 AD.)
• In 1819 AD. Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Kashmir and annexed it to his dominations.
• In 1819 AD. Kashmir became a part of Lahore Darbar.
• In 1834 AD. Sikh commander Wazir Zorawar Singh Kahluria conquered  Ladakh , Zanskar and Baltistan also.
• From 1819 AD. to 1846 AD. Kashmir remained a part of Sikh Kingdom for almost 27 years.
• In 1839 AD. Maharaja Ranjit Singh died.
• In 1842 AD. Sheikh Ghulam Mohi-ud-din was appointed as Governor of Kashmir.
• In 1842 AD. Raja Gulab Singh (an employee or military commander of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) was a Dogra born on 21st October 1792 ,who began to think of annexing Kashmir to his Kingdom of Jammu.
• 1843 AD. Onwards Sheikh Ghulam Mohi-ud-din was succeeded by his son Sheikh Imam-ud-din as governor of Kashmir.
• Sheikh Ghulam Mohi-ud-din opened the gate of Jama Masjid which was closed since 1819. He also got Shankar Acharya temple repaired and installed a new lingam there.
• In 1845-46 AD. Sikh government plunged into war with the British in which SIKHS were defeated.The British forced SIKHS to sign a treaty which is known in the history as "Treaty of Amritsar" with them was mediated by Raja Gulab Singh.
• The last Sikh governor of Kashmir was Sheikh Imam-ud-din.
• After Anglo Sikh war in 1845-46 AD. Dilip Singh the ruler of Punjab transferred the Rights of hill countries between the Rivers of Bea's  and Indus to British.
• On 16th March 1846 AD. according to the Treaty of Amritsar, whole Kashmir from Ravi to Indus, Gilgit , Baltistan , Indus Valley up to Chilas and the Ladakh were transferred to Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra as a Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and then the state of J&K came into existence.
• General Zorawar Singh of Reasi was the chief architect of victories of Reasi , Poonch , Rajouri , Chenani , Bandral , Kishtwar , Mankot ,Ladakh , Zanskar , Skardu , Nari , Dardistan , Baltistan etc between 1818 AD and 1841 AD. for Sikh rulers at Lahore.
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اردو قواعد

اردو قواعد

اردو زبان کے چند اہم مسائل جنہیں جاننا بہت ضروری ہیں۔

صرف و نحو :- اردو گرامر کو کہا جاتا ہے۔

قواعد :- اردو گرامر کے اصولوں کو کہتے ہیں۔

قواعد کے اقسام :- بس تین ہیں۔ 1) علم ہجّا 2) علم حرف اور 3) علم نحو۔

علم ہجّا :- حرفوں کے مطالعہ کیلئے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

علم حرف :- لفظوں کے مطالعہ کیلئے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

علم نحو :- جملوں کے مطالعہ کیلئے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

1. الف ممدودہ :- مدّ والا الف(آ) ہوتا ہے جوکھینچ کر پڑھا جاتا ہے۔ جیسے آم ، آلو وغیرہ
2. الف مقصورہ :- 'ی' پر کھڑے الف کو کہتے ہے۔جہاں 'ی' کے بجائے الف 'ا' کی آواز پیدا ہوتی ہے۔ جیسے موسیٰ ، عیسیٰ ، لیلیٰ وغیرہ
3. واؤ معروف :- ایسے واؤ کو کہتے ہے جہاں واؤ 'و' سے پہلے والے حرف پر پیش (ــُـ) ہو اور واؤ کو کھینچ کر پڑھا جاتا ہے۔جیسے زون ، اون وغیرہ۔
4. واؤ مجہول :- ایسے واؤ کو کہتے ہے جہاں واؤ کو کھینچ کر نہیں پڑھا جاتا ہے چاہئیے اس سے پہلے والے حرف پر پیش ہی کیوں نہ ہو۔ جیسے سونا ، چور ، مور وغیرہ۔
5. واؤ لین :- ایسے واؤ کو کہتے ہے جب اس سے پہلے والے حرف پر (ــَـ) زبر ہو ۔اور واؤ کی آواز چھوٹی ہوجاتی ہے۔ جیسے قول ، طور وغیرہ۔
6. واؤ معدولہ :- یہ واؤ تو لکھا جاتا ہے مگر پڑھا نہیں جاتا ہے یہ اکثر ' خ' کے بعد آتا ہے۔ جیسے خوب ، خوش ، خودی وغیرہ۔
7. یائے معروف :- اس ' ی ' کو کہتے ہے جس کی آواز کھینچ کر نکلتی ہے۔ جیسے تباہی ، لڑکی ، گیت وغیرہ۔
8. یائے مجہول :- اس ' ی ' کی آ واز واضع ہوتی ہے اور زیادہ کھینچ کر نہیں نکلتی ہے۔جیسے دیکھا ، ریکھا ، بیٹا وغیرہ۔
9. یائے لین :- جب ' ی ' سے پہلے والے حرف پر زبر (ــَـ) ہوتا ہے اور ' ی ' کی خود کی آواز بنسبت زبر سے کم نکلتی ہو ۔ جیسے فیصلہ ، کیلا وغیرہ۔
10. یائے مخلوط :- وہ ' ی ' جو لکھنے میں تو آتی ہے لیکن اپنے سے پہلے حرف کے ساتھ تلفظ میں مل جاتی ہے اور اسکا اپنا تلفظ زیادہ نہیں ابھرتا۔ جیسے پیار ، تیار خیال وغیرہ۔
11. نون ظاہرہ :- وہ نون ہے جس کی آواز صاف ظاہر ہوتی ہے۔جیسے پان ، پانی ، رانی وغیرہ۔
12. نون فعنّہ :- اس نون کو کہتے ہے جس کی آواز صاف نہ نکلے بلکہ ناک میں ہی پڑھیں جائے ۔ جیسے بانس ، گاؤں ، وہاں وغیرہ۔
13. نون غُنہ :- ا ، و ، ی کے بعد ہی استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
14. ہائے ملفوظ :- وہ ' ہ ' ہے جس کی آواز پوری ظاہر ہو۔ جیسے جہاں ، وہاں ، ہمارا وغیرہ۔
15. ہائے مخلوط :- وہ ' ہ ' ہے جس کی آواز کا تلفظ اس سے پہلے والے حرف سے مل کر نکلتا ہے۔ جیسے بھاگا ، دھاگا وغیرہ۔
16. ہائے مختفی :- وہ ' ہ ' ہے جس کی آواز پوری طرح ' ہ' کی نہیں نکلتی ہے ۔ کبھی یہ زبر کی اور کبھی اپنی ہی آواز نکالتی ہے۔جیسے بہانہ ، افسانہ ، راجہ ، راستہ وغیرہ
17. To be continued...

" Blood " A Red Fluid (Briefly Described)

Blood or خون or रथ

• Blood is a red fluid running in our body to keep us live.
• It is a connective tissue.
• Quantity in a man = 6.8 litres
• Quantity in a Woman = 6-6.3 litres
• Constitutes = 6-8% of body weight
• pH = 7.4

1. Functions of Blood :

• To supply oxygen to the various organs of the body.
• To remove waste products of the body.
• To supply food to the various organs of the body
• To manufacture digestive juice.
• It is divided into two categories : I) Blood Plasma and II) Blood Cells

2. Blood Cells :

• They are originated in Red Bone Marrow.
• They are of three types : i) RBC (Red Blood Corpuscle) , ii) WBC ( White Blood Corpuscle) and iii) Platelets.

3. RBC :

• Also Called : Erythrocyte
• Disc- Shaped
• No Nucleus
• Contains a pigment called Haemoglobin.
• Haemoglobin makes a blood cell red coloured.
• It also transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• It's life = 120 days
• Number of RBCs in a Normal body = 4.5-5 million/ cubic mm of blood.

4. WBC :

• Also called = Leucocyte
• Rounded
• has a Nucleus.
• Acts as the soldier of body's defence system.
• Number of WBCs in a Normal body = 8000/ cubic mm of blood.

5. Platelets :

• Also called Thrombocytes.
• They are about 2,50,000/cubic mm of blood.
• They help the blood to clot.

6. Blood Groupings :

• Karl Landsteiner = Father of Blood Grouping.
• He discovered A, B and O blood groups.
• Another blood group AB discovered by Decastello and Sturle.

Blood Grp: Can donate to : Can get from

     A                      A , AB                A , O

     B                      B , AB                 B , O

    AB                       AB              A, B, AB , O

     O                A, B, AB, O                 O

7. RH Factor :

• It is a blood antigen found in RBC.
• It has two types : Rh+ and Rh-
• Rh+ or Rh- depends upon the presence of Rh factor in RBC.
• Rh+ person can receive blood from both Rh+ and Rh- persons.
• Rh- person can only receive blood from Rh- persons.
• Percentage of Rh+ persons in the world = 86 %
• Percentage of Rh- persons in the world = 14 %
• James Blundell founds the development bof Blood Transfusion Technique.

8. Blood Pressure :With every contraction and relaxation of the heart, there is a certain degree of pressure on the walls of the blood vessels.This is called Blood Pressure.

9. Sphermagnometer :-It is an instrument used to record Blood Pressure.

10. Some Causes of  High Blood Pressure : Kidney disease , internal poisoning and prolonged emotional stress.

Chemical Names of Some Compounds

Chemical Names of Some Compounds

#. Common  :-  Chemical Name
       Name

1. Dry Ice :-  Solid Carbon dioxide  
2. Slaked Lime :- Calcium Hydroxide
3. Bleaching Powder :- Calcium Oxychloride
4. Nausadar :- Ammonium Chloride
5. Caustic Soda :- Sodium Hydroxide
6. Rock Salt :- Sodium Chloride
7. Caustic Potash :- Potassium Hydroxide
8. Potash Alum :- Potassium Aluminium Sulphate
9. Epsom :- Magnesium Sulphate
10. Quick Lime :- Calcium Oxide
11. Plaster of Paris :- Calcium Sulphate
12. Gypsum :- Calcium Sulphate
13. Green Vitriol :- Ferrous Sulphate
14. Mohr's Salt :- Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate
15. Blue Vitriol :- Copper Sulphate
16. White Vitriol :- Zinc Sulphate
17. Marsh Gas :- Methane
18. Vinegar :- Acetic Acid
19. Potash Ash :- Potassium Carbonate
20. Baking Powder :- Sodium Bicarbonate
21. Washing Soda :- Sodium Carbonate
22. Magnesia :- Magnesium Oxide
23. Chalk (Marble) :- Calcium Carbonate
24. Lunar Caustic :- Silver Nitrate
25. Laughing Gas :- Nitrous Oxide
26. Chloroform :- Tricholoro Methane
27. Alcohol :- Ethyl Alcohol
28. Heavy Water :- Duterium Oxide
29. Globar's Salt :- Sodium Sulphate
30. T.N.T. :- Tri Nitrotoluene
31. Sand :- Silicon Oxide

Climate of Jammu and Kashmir

Climate of Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is a subtropical region but the three regions of jammu and Kashmir viz, Jammu , Kashmir and Ladakh have different climatic conditions from each other.

The Kashmiris recognise six  different seasons in the year , which are :

• Sonth (Spring) from 21st March to Middle of the May.
• Grisham (Summer) from May to Middle of the July.
• Wahrat (Rainy ) from July to Middle of the September.
• Harud (Autumn) from September to November.
• Wand (Winter ) from November to January.
• Sheshur (Very Cool) from January to March.

1. In Jammu Region :- 

• Climatic condition :- Different in different parts.
• Hot Summers :- Southern plains and adjacent shivaliks.
• High impact of Monsoon Rains :- Southern plains and adjacent Shivaliks.
• Normal Cool Winters :- Southern plains and adjacent Shivaliks.
• Climate Like Kashmir :- Mountainous tracts and Lee Ward slopes of Jammu division.
• Seasonal Winds :- impact on the climate of Jammu division.
• Winter Period :- Starts from 1st November upto 28-29th February.
• Coldest Month :- January.
• Mist and Fog :- January.
• Template Cyclones :- Winter Season.
• Westerly Winds (Originated from Mediterranean Sea) :- Cause Rainfall in Winter.
• Average Winter Rainfall :- ( 13 cm).
• Spring Period :- hasn't
• Summer Period :- Starts from 1st March upto 30th June.
• Max Temperature :- 38 °C
• Hot Month :- June
• "Loo" (hot dry winds) mostly blows in :- Summer Period.
• Dust Storms Sometimes blow in :- Summer Period.
• Average Rainfall in this period :- 11 cm.
• Rainy Period :- Starts from middle of June upto October ending.
• Arrival of Monsoon :- Rainy Period 
• Average Rainfall :- 65 cm

2. In Kashmir Region :- 

• Type of climate. Continental (The Himalayan Range, which covers the valley has modified its climate to a great extent. Thus, the valley possesses a sub-tropical to Artic type of climate having long winters and short summers.)
• Winter Period :- (From December Upto February).
• Coldest Season :- Winter Season
• Coldest Month :- January
• Chillai Kalan :- Coldest period of winter season starts from 21st December upto 31st January. Almost period of 40 days.
• Minus Temperature :- In Chillai Kalan.
• Min. Temperature :- ( - 15 °C)
• Heavy Snowfall :- Almost in Whole Winter Period.
• Average Snowfall :- 120 cm in Winter 
• Such Type of climate of Kashmir mainly impacted by :- Westerly Disturbances originated from Mediterranean Sea.
• Max Snowfall in :- whole Kashmir 
• Sunshine in Winter :- Very Low.
• Relative Humidity :- Almost 90%.
• Spring Period (March-May) :- Temperature starts rising gradually and snow starts melting.
• Day temperature rises :- 10 °C to 30 °C in this period.
• Sunny days :- Nice for charming.
• Summer Period (June upto September) :- 
• Max Temperature :- 37-38 °C
• Hot , Rainy and Humid :- period
• Hottest Month :- July
• Autumn Period ( September to November) :- 
• Dry and Dusty :- This period.
• Temperature :- Low
• Rainfall :- Less
• Average Temperature :- Between 20 °C to 30 °C.

3. In Ladakh Region :-

• Climate : Very Cold and dry.
• Winter Temperature :- Extremely Cold.
• Max.Temp. in Summer :- (25 °C).
• Min.Temp. in Winter :- Sometimes below (- 40 °C).
• Coldest Temp. ever recorded :- (-48 °C) at Drass in January 1986.
• Coldest Place :- Drass.
• Average Rainfall :- 20 cm/year
• Month of precipitation (most) :- January , March and August.
• Snowfall Time :- Winter.
• Atmosphere :- Rarified
• Impact of Atmosphere :- Sunburns and Breathlessness.