Complete list of Islamic Caliphs

اسلامی دورِ خلافت

#	Khalifa (Caliph)	خلیفہ کا نام	Islamic Date (ھ)	English Date (ء)	Khilafat Name
1	ABU BAKAR SIDIQ (R.A.)	ابوبکر صدیق (رض)	11 to 13	632 to 634	Khilafat-e-Rashida
2	OMAR FAROOQ (R.A.)	عمر فاروق (رض)	13 to 23	634 to 644
3	USMAN GANI (R.A.)	عثمان غنی (رض)	24 to 35	644 to 656
4	ALI (R.A.)	علی (رض)	35 to 40	656 to 661
5	MUAWIYA (R.A.) BIN ABU SIFIAN (R.A.)	معاویہ (رض) بن ابوسفیان (رض)	41 to 60	662 to 681	Khilafat-e- Banu Umaiya
6	YAZEED BIN MUAWIYA (R.A.)	یزید بن معاویہ (رض)	60 to 64	681 to 685
7	MUAWIYA (2ND) BIN YAZEED (1ST)	معاویہ (ثانی) بن یزید (اول)	64 to 64	685 to 685
8	MARWAN (1ST) BIN AL HAQM	مروان (اول) بن الحکم	64 to 65	685 to 686
9	ABDUL MULK BIN MARWAN	عبد الملک بن مروان	65 to 86	686 to 706
10	WALEED (1ST) BIN ABDUL MULK	ولید (اول) بن عبد الملک	86 to 96	706 to 716
11	SULAIMAN BIN ABDUL MULK	سلیمان بن عبد الملک	96 to 99	716 to 719
12	OMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ	عمر بن عبد العزیز	99 to 101	719 to 721
13	YAZEED (2ND) BIN ABDUL MULK	یزید (ثانی) بن عبد الملک	101 to 105	721 to 725
14	HASHAAM BIN ABDUL MULK	ہشام بن عبد الملک	105 to 125	725 to 744
15	WALEED (2ND) BIN YAZEED (2ND)	ولید (ثانی) بن یزید (ثانی)	125 to 126	744 to 745
16	YAZEED (3RD) BIN WALEED (1ST)	یزید (ثالث) بن ولید (اول)	126 to 126	745 to 745
17	IBRAHEEM BIN WALEED (1ST)	ابراہیم بن ولید (اول)	126 to 127	745 to 746
18	MARWAN (2ND) BIN MOHAMMAD	مروان (ثانی) بن محمد	127 to 132	746 to 750
19	ABUL ABBAS AL SAFAH	ابو العباس الصفاح	132 to 136	750 to 754	Khilafat-e- Banu Abbass
20	ABU JAFFER AL MANSOOR	ابو جعفر المنصور	136 to 158	754 to 775
21	AL MEHDI	المہدی	159 to 169	775 to 785
22	AL HAADI	الہادی	169 to 170	785 to 786
23	HAROON RASEED	ہارون رشید	170 to 193	786 to 809
24	AMEEN-UR-RASHEED	امین الرشید	193 to 198	809 to 813
25	MAMOON-UR-RASHEED	مامون الرشید	198 to 218	813 to 832
26	AL MOUTASIM BILLAH	المعتصم باللہ	218 to 227	833 to 842
27	AL WAIQ BILLAH	الوائق باللہ	227 to 232	842 to 846
28	AL MUTWAQAL ALLALLAH	المتوکل علی اللہ	232 to 246	847 to 861
29	AL MUNQAR BILLAH	المنقر باللہ	246 to 248	861 to 862
30	AL MUSTAEEN BILLAH	المستعین باللہ	248 to 252	862 to 866
31	AL MUTAZ BILLAH	المعتز باللہ	252 to 255	866 to 869
32	AL MUTASHADI BILLAH	المتسہدی باللہ	255 to 256	869 to 873
33	AL MOUTAMID ALLALLAH	المعتمد علی اللہ	256 to 279	873 to 892
34	AL MUTSIR BILLAH	المتصر باللہ	279 to 289	892 to 902
35	AL MUTKAFI BILLAH	المتکفی باللہ	289 to 295	902 to 907
36	AL MUQTADIR BILLAH	المقتدر باللہ	295 to 320	907 to 932
37	AL QAHIR BILLAH	القاہر باللہ	320 to 322	932 to 934
38	AL RAAZI BILLAH	الراضی باللہ	322 to 329	934 to 940
39	AL MUTTAQI BILLAH	المتقی باللہ	329 to 333	940 to 944
40	AL MUTKAFI BILLAH	المتکفی باللہ	333 to 334	944 to 945
41	AL MUTIEH BILLAH	المطیع باللہ	334 to 363	945 to 974
42	AL TAEEH BILLAH	الطائع باللہ	363 to 381	974 to 991
43	AL QADIR BILLAH	القادر باللہ	381 to 422	991 to 1031
44	AL QAEEM BAMARALLAH	القائم بامر اللہ	422 to 467	1031 to 1075
45	AL MUQTADI BILLAH	المقتدی باللہ	467 to 487	1075 to 1094
46	AL MUSTAZHIR BILLAH	المستظہر باللہ	487 to 512	1094 to 1118
47	MUSTARSHUD BILLAH	مستر شد باللہ	512 to 529	1118 to 1135
48	AL RAASHID BILLAH	الراشد باللہ	529 to 530	1135 to 1135
49	AL MUQTAZI LAMARALLAH	المقتضی لامر اللہ	530 to 555	1135 to 1160
50	AL MUSTAJID BILLAH	المستجد باللہ	555 to 566	1160 to 1170
51	AL MUSTAFI BILLAH	المستفی باللہ	566 to 575	1170 to 1179
52	AL NAASIR-UD-DIN BILLAH	الناصر الدین باللہ	575 to 622	1179 to 1225
53	AL ZAHIR BAMARALLAH	الظاہر بامر اللہ	622 to 623	1225 to 1226
54	AL MUNTASIR BILLAH	المستنصر باللہ	623 to 640	1226 to 1242
55	AL MUSTAUSIM BILLAH	المستعصم باللہ	640 to 656	1242 to 1258

# Caliphs Isl Date(ء) / (ھ) Eng Date             (خلیفوں کے نام)      

1 ABU BAKAR SIDIQ (R.A.) :- 11 to 13    / 632 to 634.           (ابوبکر صدیق (رض
2 OMAR FAROOQ (R.A.):-                            13 to 23    / 634 to 644.            (عمر فاروق (رض
3 USMAN GANI (R.A.) :- 24 to 35    /  644 to 656.            (عثمان غنی (رض
4 ALI (R.A.) :- 35 to 40    /   656 to 661.                (علی (رض
5 MUAWIYA (R.A.) BIN ABU SIFIAN ):- 41 to 60.   / 662 to 681.
          (معاویہ (رض) بن ابوسفیان (رض
6 YAZEED BIN MUAWIYA (R.A.):-              60 to 64.   / 681 to 685.
          (یزید بن معاویہ (رض
7 MUAWIYA (2ND) BIN YAZEED (1ST) :- 64 to 64.  /   685 to 685.  
          (معاویہ (ثانی) بن یزید (اول
8 MARWAN (1ST) BIN AL HAQM :-            64 to 65.  / 685 to 686.  
           مروان (اول) بن الحکم 
9 ABDUL MULK BIN MARWAN :- 65 to 86.   /  686 to 706. 
             عبد الملک بن مروان
10 WALEED (1ST) BIN ABDUL MULK:- 86 to 96.   /   706 to 716. 
             ولید (اول) بن عبدالملک
11 SULAIMAN BIN ABDUL MULK :- 96 to 99.   /   716 to 719. 
             سلیمان بن عبد الملک
12 OMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ :-      99 to 101. / 719 to 721
              عمر بن عبد العزیز
13 YAZEED (2ND) BIN ABDUL MULK:-    101 to 105.  / 721 to 725 
            یزید (ثانی) بن عبد الملک
14 HASHAAM BIN ABDUL MULK :- 105 to 125. / 725 to 744
              ہشام بن عبد الملک
15 WALEED (2ND) BIN YAZEED (2ND):- 125 to 126. / 744 to 745                   (ولید (ثانی) بن یزید (ثانی
16 YAZEED (3RD) BIN WALEED (1ST) :- 126 to 126.  /  745 to 745                     (یزید (ثالث) بن ولید (اول
17 IBRAHEEM BIN WALEED (1ST):- 126 to 127.  /  745 to 746
              (ابراہیم بن ولید (اول
18 MARWAN (2ND) BIN MOHAMMAD:-127 to 132. / 746 to 750                    مروان (ثانی) بن محمد
19 ABUL ABBAS AL SAFAH :-                   132 to 136.  / 750 to 754 
               ابو العباس الصفاح
20 ABU JAFFER AL MANSOOR :- 136 to 158. / 754 to 775 
                ابو جعفر المنصور
21 AL MEHDI :- 158 to 169. / 775 to 785
               المہدی
22 AL HAADI :- 169 to 170.  / 785 to 786 
               الہادی
23 HAROON RASEED :- 170 to 193.  / 786 to 809 
               ہارون رشید
24 AMEEN-UR-RASHEED :- 193 to 198.  /   809 to 813
               امین الرشید
25 MAMOON-UR-RASHEED :- 198 to 218. / 813 to 832
               مامون الرشید
26 AL MOUTASIM BILLAH  :- .               218 to 227. / 833 to 842
              المعتصم باللہ
27 AL WAIQ BILLAH :- 227 to 232. / 842 to 846 
              الوائق باللہ
28 AL MUTWAQAL ALLALLAH :-         232 to 246.  / 847 to 861 
             المتوکل علی اللہ
29 AL MUNQAR BILLAH :- 246 to 248.  / 861 to 862 
            المنقر باللہ
30 AL MUSTAEEN BILLAH  :- 248 to 252.  / 862 to 866 
            المستعین باللہ
31 AL MUTAZ BILLAH :- 252 to 255.  / 866 to 869 
            المعتز باللہ
32 AL MUTASHADI BILLAH  :- 255 to 256. / 869 to 873 
           المتسہدی باللہ
33 AL MOUTAMID ALLALLAH :-.        256 to 279. / 873 to 892 
           المعتمد علی اللہ
34 AL MUTSIR BILLAH :- 279 to 289.  / 892 to 902
            المتصر باللہ
35 AL MUTKAFI BILLAH  :- 289 to 295.  / 902 to 907
           المتکفی باللہ
36 AL MUQTADIR BILLAH :- 295 to 320.  / 907 to 932 
           المقتدی باللہ
37 AL QAHIR BILLAH  :- 320 to 322.  / 932 to 934 
            القاہر باللہ
38 AL RAAZI BILLAH  :- 322 to 329.  / 934 to 940 
            الراضی باللہ
39 AL MUTTAQI BILLAH  :- 329 to 333. / 940 to 944
            المتقی باللہ
40 AL MUTKAFI BILLAH :- 333 to 334.  / 944 to 945 
            المتکفی باللہ
41 AL MUTIEH BILLAH:-                    334 to 363.  / 945 to 974
            المطیع باللہ
42 AL TAEEH BILLAH :- 363 to 381.  / 974 to 991
             الطائع باللہ
43 AL QADIR BILLAH  :-                        381 to 422.  / 991 to 1031
             القادر باللہ
44 AL QAEEM BAMARALLAH :- 422 to 467.  / 1031 to 1075 
             القائم بامر اللہ
45 AL MUQTADI BILLAH  :- 467 to 487. / 1075 to 1094 
             المقتدی باللہ
46 AL MUSTAZHIR BILLAH :- 487 to 512.  / 1094 to 1118 
             المستظہر باللہ
47 MUSTARSHUD BILLAH :- 512 to 529.  / 1118 to 1135
             مستر شد باللہ
48 AL RAASHID BILLAH :- 529 to 530.  / 1135 to 1135 
              الراشد باللہ
49 AL MUQTAZI LAMARALLAH  :-      530 to 555.  / 1135 to 1160                          المقتضی لامر اللہ
50 AL MUSTAJID BILLAH :- 555 to 566.  / 1160 to 1170 
               المستجد باللہ
51 AL MUSTAFI BILLAH  :- 566 to 575.  / 1170 to 1179 
               المستفی باللہ
52 AL NAASIR-UD-DIN BILLAH :-       575 to 622. / 1179 to 1225
               الناصر الدین باللہ
53 AL ZAHIR BAMARALLAH :- 622 to 623. / 1225 to 1226                                   الظاہر بامر اللہ
54 AL MUNTASIR BILLAH :-                623 to 640. / 1226 to 1242 
              المستنصر باللہ
55 AL MUSTAUSIM BILLAH :- 640 to 656. / 1242 to 1258 
              المستعصم باللہ

غزل نمبر 1 " جزبات"

جزبات

آج جذبات اُٹھے پھر سے، میرے دل میں کیسے

یہ جو  پریشان لمحہ ٹھیرا  ہے ، گزاروں کیسے

کوئی اظہار کرئے جزبات کو دل سے واسطہ کیسا

ہم نے جزبات کو روکا بہت ، مگردل پھسلا کیسے

 رنگین محفلوں میں جانے سے اکثر باز رہے ہم 

 نہ جانے دل میرا اب کی بار وہاں پہنچا کیسے

دل کیوں محسوس کررہا ہے آج اچانک بڑی اداسی

شاید کوئی ٹوٹا ہوا لمحہ دل کو ستا رہا ہو جیسے

وقتِ غم  سر  پر ہو اور ساتھ میں گہری تنہائی

پرائے تو پرائے اپنے بھی لگتے  ہیں پرائے جیسے

  میں نہ تو کوئی شاعرہوں اور نہ ہی افسانہ نگار
تقدیری معاملہ ہے  لازماً اس سے چھپاؤں کیسے

رازِ جزبات بیان کرتا ہوں اپنی میں اس دورانِ غزل

ناداں  ہوں جو دل کا معاملہ  دل میں دفناوں کیسے

     یہ قصّہِ جزبات عجیب نہیں ہے میری تنہائی کیلئے

 جو ناآشنا اس حقیقت سے  ہے انہیں سناؤں کیسے

یوں تو  بیان  کرتا  ہے  وہ  اپنا رازِ دل  کا سارا  حال

ذولفقار جذباتی جو ٹھیرا اپنےدل کو سمجھائے کیسے

100 Year Calender

100 year Calender 

(صد ساله کیلنڈر)

     From 2001 to 2100, you can easily find out each and every day of all months within the said period with the aid of the following chart having three columns:

     E.g. if you want to know, 1st day of December 2019 via the following chart, First you will go into the column of "YEARS" where you will select "2019",after picking it you will find there an English Alphabet also i.e."B" you will get it now. Afterwards you will go into the column of "MONTHS" where you will select the line of "B".After that you will select the "December" from the row of months above the table. In the meeting of the column "December" and the Row "B" you will find a number i.e. "7". you will get it now.Later you will go into column of "CALENDARS" where you will go into the column of "7" and find "1" there.Now you will move towards the left side of the "1" you will find name of the day i.e "Sunday".And that is required one.Similarly you can do this procedure for all related operations too.

نیچے دئےگئے تین کالموں کے ذریعے آپ کوئی بھی تاریخ ، ماہ اور دن ۲۰۰۱ء سے لے کر ۲۱۰۰ء تک آسانی سے معلوم کرسکتے ہو۔ مثلاً :- آپ کو معلوم کرنا ہے۔ یکم یا 1 December (دسمبر) ۲۰۱۹ء کو کون سا دن ہوگا۔ آپ پہلے Years کے کالم(column) میں جاؤگے وہاں 2019 کو چنوں گے (Select) اس کے سامنے انگریزی ایلفابٹ (B) ہوگا پھر اسکو چنوں گے پھر آپ Months والے کالم میں جاؤگے اور آپ وہاں (B) والی لائن پوری دیکھوگے اور وہاں اوپر اردو میں مہینے (Months)لکھے ہوئے دیکھوگے اور وہاں آپ دسمبر کے مہینے والے کالم اور B والی لائن کے سنگم پر نمبر (7) دیکھوگے اور اسکو چنوں گے اسکے بعد آپ Calenders والے کالم میں جاؤگے اور وہاں نمبر (7) کے کالم میں جاکر یکم یعنی (1) تاریخ کو چنوں گے اور وہاں آپ اُسی لائن میں بائیں جانب دن کا نام دیکھوگے اور وہ ہے (اتوار)(Sunday) ۔یعنی یکم یا (1) دسمبر 2019 کو (اتوار) کا دن ہے۔اسی طرح آپ (2001 سے لےکر 2100ء تک) کوئی بھی دن دیکھ سکتے ہو۔

صد ساله کیلنڈر

Number Systems

Number Systems

 A Number is an idea or imaginary incompleted figure. A Numeral is a figure or symbol by means of which number is represented.

         e.g. How many eggs are broken in a case? How many students are absent from school today?

1. Natural Numbers :- Numbers which are used for counting the objects are called natural numbers. They are denoted by N. All positive Integers are Natural Numbers.   N={1,2,3,4...........∞}
2. Whole Numbers :- When  ‘zero’ is included in the natural numbers, they are known as whole numbers and are denoted by W. W={0,1,2,3,4..........∞}
3. Integers:- All natural numbers, zero and negatives of natural numbers are called as integers.They are denoted by I or Z.  I = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4 ...........∞} (0= Zero Integer is Neither +ve Nor -ve);  {-1, -2, -3, -4, ...........∞ =(Negative integers)} {(1, 2 ,3, 4,.................∞ = (Positive Integers)}
4. Rational Number :- The numbers which can be expressed in the form of  P/Q where P and Q are integers and Q≠O are called rational numbers.They are denoted by Q.Note: - Every integer and every fraction is a Rational Number.
5. Irrational Numbers :-  The numbers which cannot  be written in the form of P/Q where P and Q are integers and Q≠0 are called irrational numbers.When these numbers are expressed in decimal form, they are neither terminating nor repeating.Those Numbers which are not Rational Numbers are Irrational Numbers.Thus, Irrational Numbers cannot be written in the form p/q. where p,q € I and q≠0.Note:- An Irrational number is a non terminating and non repeating decimal.
6. Real Numbers :-  Real numbers include both rational as well as irrational numbers.Positive or negative, large or small, whole numbers or decimal numbers are all real numbers.e.g.= 51,    43.24,   0.10,  5/9 etc. R = (set of rational) U (set  of irrational ) numbers.That means Real Numbers are the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers.
7. Complex Number or Imaginary number : An imaginary number is a complex number that can be written as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit  "iota" ‘i’ which is defined by its properly . Note : Zero (0) is considered to be both real and imaginary number.z = a + ib ; where a,b € R , and i = √-1 
8. Prime Number :- A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 and is divisible only by 1 and itself . e.g.2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 ,19 ………….etc.Note:  2 is the only even prime number.
9. Composite Numbers : A number, other than 1, which is not a prime number is called a composite number .  e.g. 4,6,8,9,10 etc   
10. Co-prime numbers : Two numbers are co-prime of their HCF is 1.E.g. (2,3), (3,4) , (5,7),  (3,13) etc.
11. Even numbers : The number which is divisible by 2 is called even number.E.g. – 2, 4, 6, 8…………….
12. Odd numbers – The number which is not divisible by 2 is called odd number.e.g.= 3, 5, 7, 9…………..
13. Consecutive numbers : A series of numbers in which the succeeding number is greater then the preceding number by 1 is called a series of consecutive numbers.i.e., Difference between two consecutive numbers is 1

To find whether a number is prime or not-

To check  whether the number is prime or not,

1 We take an integer larger than the square root of the number. Let the number be ‘k’.

2 Test the divisibility of the given number by every prime number less than ‘k’.

3 If it is not divisible by any of them, then the given number is prime otherwise it is a composite number.

E.g.= Is 881 a prime number ?

Sol- The appropriate square root of 881 is 30.

Prime number less than 30 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,19, 23,29.

881 is not divisible by any of the above numbers, so it is a prime minister.

Some Rules on Counting Numbers

1. Sum of all the first n natural numbers

            

Q. Find the sum of first 20 natural numbers.

Ans- Sum of 1 to 20

            

Q. Find the sum of numbers from 11 to 20.

 

2. Sum of first n old numbers =

            

Q. What is the sum of first 10 odd numbers ?

Ans- Sum of first 10 odd numbers = 

Q. Find the sum of 9+11+13+………+29

Ans – 1+3+5+…………+29= 

            (as there are 15 odd numbers from 1 to 29)

1+3+5+7=

            9+11+13+29=225-16=209

3. Sum of first n even numbers

       

Q. What is the sum of even numbers between 1 and 50 ?

 

Q. Find the value of 12+14+……….+30.

Ans- (2+4+6+…….+30) has 15 even numbers

            2+4+6+………30=15(15+1)=240

            Similarly 2+4+6+8+10= 5(5+1)=30

            12+14………….+30=240-30=210

4. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers

            

Divisibility Rules

Ø Divisibility by 2 : Number Whose last digit is either even or zero is divisible by 2.

Ø Divisibility by 3 : If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3, the number is also divisible by 3.

Ø Divisibility by 4 :If the last two digits of a Number is divisible by 4 or the number having two or more zeros at the end, the numbers is divisible by 4.

Ø  Divisibility by 5: If a number is divisible by 5 or 0, the number is divisible by 5.

Ø Divisibility by 6 : If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3 the number is also divisible by 6.

Ø Divisibility by 8 : If the last three digits of a number is divisible by 8 or the last three digits of a number are zeros, the number is divisible by 8.

Ø Divisibility by 9 : If the sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 9, the number is also divisible by 9.

Ø Divisibility by 10. The number which ends with zero is divisible by 10.

Ø  Divisibility by 11. If the sums of digits at odd and even places are equal or differ by a number divisible by 11, then the number is also divisible by 11.     

Ø Divisibility by 12. The number which is divisible by both 3 and 4 is also divisible by 12.

Mathematics

Important Points to remember about Maths:

Greek word "Mathema",which means "Science". So, Mathematics is the science of reasoning.The subject "Mathematics" is actually a group of many sciences so it's name ends at "s". 

1. {Basic Arithmetic Signs} :- (+ , - , ÷ , ×)

2. Axiom :- An Axiom is a self evident truth.It is a true assumption common to all sciences. e.g. 

• The whole is greater than any one of it's parts.
• The whole is the sum of it's parts.
• Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.

3. Pastulate:- It is simple fact that may be assumed to be true for a particular science.  e.g.

• One and only one straight line can be  drawn through two distinct points.
• All straight angles are equal to one another.

4. Theorem :- It is a statement that needs proof.It can be prove by a chain of reasoning in which certain axioms are assumed.

5. Pythagoras Theorem :- In a rt.angled ∆ , the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

 e.g.
(Hypotenuse)²= (Base)² +(Perpendicular)²

(H)²= (B)² + (P)²   or

(B)²= (H)² - (P)²    or

(P)²= (H)² - (B)²

6. Planes:- A flat surface suggests a plane. e.g.
The Walls, The Floor of a room etc

7. Point :- A point is an idea. A point  indicates a location or a position in space.We show it by a dot.We name a point by a Capital Letter.
e.g. .A , .B , .C etc

8. Line :- A Line is a straight row of points that goes on forever in both directions.
e.g. Line AB , Written 

9. Line Segment:- A Line segment is a piece of a line with two end points.Line segment is suggested by a rope tied tightly between two poles or the iron bars of a window or the edges of a ruler.Line segment has two end points.           
e.g. A and B .We write it as segment AB or ( AB ).It has a fixed length which can be measured with the help of a scale.

10. Straight Line:- If we extend a line segment on either ends, we get a line .It extends endlessly on either side.A line has no end points.We can also name a line by a single lower case letter such  as ( l ) or ( m ).We cannot measure the length of a line. A line segment is the part of a line.

11. Ray :- A Ray is suggested by a Ray of light coming from a torch or The sun's rays.A Ray is a part of a line that has only one end point and extends endlessly only on one side marked by an arrow.We write it as : Ray AB  or (  ).

12. Angle :- An Angle is made up of two rays that have a common end point called the vertex. An Angle is the amount of turn from one position to another.

13. Difference among Straight line, Ray and Line Segment:

    Strt.Line            Ray             L.Segment
      It has no            It has one               It has two
     end point.          end point.              end points.

 Can be extended  Can be extended   Cannot be
   on both sides       on only one side.    extended.

 Length cannot       Length cannot     Length can
  be measured.        be measured.      be measured.

14. Degrees :- A system used to measure angles in which a complete circle is 360 degrees, written 360°.

15. Idea of an Angle :- An Angle is formed when two Rays are drawn from the same end point. The end point is called the vertex of the angle. The two rays are called the arms or sides of the angle.

16. Kinds of an Angle :-

• Right Angle :- A Right Angle is an Angle that measures exactly 90°.
• Acute Angle :- An Acute Angle is an Angle that measures less than 90°.
• Obtuse Angle :- An Obtuse Angle is an Angle that measures more than 90° but less than 180°.
• Straight Angle :- A straight Angle is an angle that measures 180°; it's sides form a straight line.
• Reflex Angle :- A Reflex Angle is an Angle whose measure is greater than 180°.

16. Radii :- Plural form of Radius.

17. Complete Revolution :- 360°

18. Diameter :- 2 × Radius

19. Complementary Angles :- Complementary Angles are two angles whose measure add up to 90°.

20. Supplementary Angles :-Supplementary Angles are two angles whose measure add up to 180°.

21. Congruent Angles :- Congruent Angles are angles that measure the same number of degrees.

22. Vertical Angles :- Vertical angles are  two non adjacent congruent Angles formed by intersecting lines.

23. Intersecting Lines :- Intersecting lines cross or merge.

24. Perpendicular Lines :-Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect to form a right Angle.

25. Parallel Lines :- Parallel Lines are two lines in the same plane that never intersect.

26. Chord :- A chord is a segment which isn't passing through the center of a circle but touching with it's end points.

27. Circumference :- The circle is a closed curve.Its total length starting from a point going round and coming back to the same point, is called the Circumference.

28. Ratio of a Circle:
       Circumference/Diameter = 22/7
       If (r) is the radius,Then
                 Diameter = 2r
       Circumference = 22/7 (Diameter)
                                   = 22/7 (2r)
       Diameter = Circumference * 7/22

29.  Triangle :- A Triangle is a plane figure formed by three segments having common end points when taken in pairs or a figure having three sides, "Tri" means three because a triangle has three angles.
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Mathematics (Basic Rules)

Mathematics (Basic Rules)

Following are the few general or basic arithmetic rules of the mathematics:-

(1) For Addition & Subtraction:

1. (+) + (+)= (+) ; e.g.  4 + 6   = 10 ;  6 +  4= 10
2. (-) + (-) = ( - ) ; e.g. -3 +(-5)= -8  ; -5 + -3= -8
3. (+) + (-)  or (-) + (+) = (either (+) or (-) depends upon the greater number)  e.gs. +3 + (-8) = (-5)  or  -3 + (+8)= (5)
4. (+) - (+) = (either (+) or (-) depends upon the greater number on spot first=(+) or on spot second= (-)) ; e.gs. +4 - (+3) = 1 or +4 - (+5) = -1
5. (-) - (-) = (either (+) or (-) depends upon the greater number on spot first=(-) or on spot second= (+)) ; e.gs. -4 - (-3) = -1 or -3 - (-4) = 1
6. (+) - (-) = (+) ; e.g. +4 - (-3) = 7 or +3 - (-4) = 7
7. (-) - (+) = (-) ; e.g. -4 - (+3)= -7 or -3 - (+4)= -7
8. For Multiplication:
9. (+) × (+) = (+) ; e.g. 9 × (0.6) = 5.4
10. (-) × (-) = (+) ; e.g. (-3) × (-5) = +15
11. (-) × (+) = (-) ; e.g. (-3) × (+5) = -15
12. (+) × (-) = (-) ; e.g. (3) × (-5) = -15
13. For Division:
14. (+)/(+) = (+) ; e.g. (+10)/(+2) = (+5)
15. (-)/(-) = (+) ; e.g. (-10)/(-2) = (+5)
16. (-)/(+) = (-) ; e.g. (-10)/(+2) = (-5)
17. (+)/(-) = (-) ; e.g. (+10)/(-2) = (-5)
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