Roman Numerals

Roman Numerals

*) Table :

     Romans : Counting No.   :  Number Name

1. I       :       1           :    One
2. II      :      2            :    Two
3. III    :       3            :   Three
4. IV    :       4            :    Four
5. V      :       5            :    Five
6. VI    :       6            :     Six
7. VII   :       7            :    Seven
8. VIII :       8            :     Eight
9. IX    :       9            :     Nine
10. X      :     10            :     Ten
11. XXX :    30            :     Thirty
12. XL    :    40            :      Forty
13. L      :     50            :      Fifty
14. XC   :      90           :      Ninety
15. C      :    100           :      Hundred
16. D     :     500          :       Five Hundred
17. M     :   1000         :       Thousand

Note:

1. "C" (Centum) ---> Hundred
2. "M" (Mille)     ---> Thousand
3. A bar on a Roman Numeral means multiplying that Number by 1000.4.  If large numbers come before the smaller ones , they are added.

     E.g. VI = 5 + 1 = 6 (bcuz V = 5 ; I =1)

             LX = 50 + 10 = 60

5.  If smaller numbers come before the larger ones, they are subtracted.

      E.g.  IV = V - I = 5 - 1 = 4 

              XL = L - X = 50 - 10 = 40

6.  No digit is repeated more than thrice.

      E.g. CXXXX =140 (x) ; CXL =140 (✓)

7.  "V " , "L" and "D" (all these Numerals are starting will 5) are never subtracted.

8. "I" can be subtracted from "V" and "X" , once only .

9. "X" can be subtracted from "L" and "C" , once only.

10. "C" can be subtracted from "D" and "M", once only.

Measurements

Measurements

1. The Metric Measures (System) :

     i) The standard unit of Length is a metre (m). e.g. 10m , 100m , 500m etc

    ii) The standard unit of Weight is a gram (g). e.g. 10g , 100g , 500g etc

    iii) The standard unit of Capacity is a litre (l). e.g. 10l , 100l , 500l etc

  

     This system is based on the decimal system. The sub units (smaller than the standard units) are the 10ths , 100ths and 1000ths of the standard unit. The bigger units are the 10s , 100s and 1000s of the basic unit.

    Kilo , meaning 1000         : Super Units

    Hecto , meaning 100        : Super Units

    Deca , meaning 10            : Super Units

    Deci , meaning 1/10 or .1 : Sub Units

    Centi , meaning 1/100      : Sub Units

    Milli , meaning 1/1000     : Sub Units

(e.g.)

1. 1000 = kilo metre , kilo gram , kilo litre
2. 100 = hecto metre , hecto gram , hecto litre
3. 10 = deca metre , deca gram , deca litre
4. 0 (Unit) =  metre , gram , litre
5. 10th = deci metre , deci gram , deci litre
6. 100th = centimetre , centigram , centilitre
7. 1000th = millimetre , milligram , millilitre

*) Important Relationship :

1) Length Measures :

• 1 kilo metre (km) = 1000 metres (m)
• 1 hecto metre (hm) = 100 metres (m)
• 1 deca metre (dem) = 10 metres (m)
• 1 metre (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)
• 1 deci metre (dm) = 1/10 metres (m)
• 1 centi metre (cm) = 1/100 metres (m)
• 1 milli metre(mm)= 1/1000 metres (m)
• 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters (mm)
• 1 foot = 30.48 centimeters (cm)
• 1 yard = 0.9144 metre (m)
• 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometers (km)
• 1 millimetre = 1.094 yards
• 1 kilometer = 0.62137 mile
• 1 sq inch = 6.4516 sq centimeters
• 1 sq yard = 0.8361 sq metres
• 1 sq mile = 2.589 sq kilometers
• 1 acre = 4047 sq metres
• 1 sq centimetre = 0.155 sq inch
• 1 hectare = 10,000 sq metres
• 1 hectare = 2.471 acres

2) Capacity Measures :

• 1 kilo litre (kl) = 1000 litres (l)
• 1 hecto litre (hl) = 100 litres (l)
• 1 deca litre (dal) = 10 litres (l)
• 1 litre (l) = 100 centi litres (cl)
• 1 deci litre (dl) = 1/10 litres (l)
• 1 centi litre (cl) = 1/100 litres (l)
• 1 milli litre (ml) = 1/1000 litres (l)
• 1 inch³ = 16.387 centimeters³ 
• 1 pint = 0.568 litre
• 1 imperial gallon = 4.546 litres
• 1 litre = 1.76 pints
• 1 litre = 0.220 imperial gallon

3) Weight Measures :

• 1 kilo gram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
• 1 hecto gram (hg) = 100 grams (g)
• 1 deca gram (dag) = 10 grams (g)
• 1 gram (g) = 100 centi grams (cg)
• 1 deci gram (dg) = 1/10 grams (g)
• 1 centi gram (cg) = 1/100 grams (g)
• 1 milli gram (mg) = 1/1000 grams (g)
• 1 ounce = 28.249 grams (gm)
• 1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms (kg)
• 1 stone = 6.350 kilograms
• 1 cwt = 50.80 kilograms
• 1 ton = 1.016 metric tons
• 1 gram = 0.03527 ounce
• 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds
• 1 kilogram = 0.158 stone
• 1 kilogram = 0.01968 cwt
• 1 metric ton = 0.9842 ton

Note:- (Easy Conversion Rules)

• Metres into Yards : Add 1/10th
• Yards into Metres : Deduct 1/10th
• Kilometers into Miles : Multiply by 5 and Divide by 8
• Miles into Kilometers : Multiply by 8 and Divide by 5
• Litres into Pints : Multiply by 7 and Divide by 4
• Pints into Litres : Multiply by 4 and Divide by 7
• Litres into Gallons : Multiply by 2 and Divide by 9
• Gallons into Litres : Multiply by 9 and Divide by 2
• Kilograms into Pounds : Multiply by 9 and Divide by 2
• Pounds into Kilograms : Multiply by 2 and Divide by 9

Common Facts Among Islam , Judaism And Christianity

Common Facts Among Islam , Judaism And Christianity

1. Origin in Middle East.
2. Monotheist (Belief in one God)
3. Faith on Prophet Abraham (A.S.).
4. Jerusalem is a holy city.
5. Moses (A.S.) was a Prophet of God.
6. Importance of all Prophets (Exception Muhammad (S.A.W.) and Jesus Christ (A.S.)
7. One(1) holy book revealed on each.
8. Faith on single day as a natural holy day in a week.(Friday , Sabbat and Sunday)
9. Isaac (A.S.) and Ismail (A.S) are two Prophet sons of Abraham or Ibrahim (A.S.)
10. Sara (A.S.) and Hajirah (A.S.) are two pious and faithful wives of Abraham or Ibrahim (A.S.).
11. Faith on Adam (A.S.) and Eve or Hawa (A.S).
12. All people are Decendants of Adam (A.S.) and Eve or Hawa (A.S.).
13. First human being created on the Earth was Adam (A.S.).
14. Faith on Angles and Demons.
15. Gabriel (A.S.) is the head angel of the God who is carrying messages.
16. Mary or Maryam (A.S.) is the mother of Christ (A.S.).
17. Excruciation of the Christ (A.S.).

Comparison Among Islam , Judaism And Christianity

Islam , Judaism And Christianity

*) Islam:

1. Title of Followers : Muslims
2. Origin : Arabia (622 CE)( Fully Implemented) otherwise from period of Adam (A.S.)
3. Holy Language : Arabic
4. God Name : Allah
5. Symbol (Likeable) : Cresent & Star
6. Place of Worship : Mosque
7. Clergy : Imams
8. Sects : Sunni / Shia 
9. Belief : Strict Monotheist
10. Holy Books : Quran & Authentic Hadiths
11. Holy Day : Friday
12. Law : Islamic Sharia
13. Head : Caliph or Khalifa
14. Religion State : Integrated
15. Major Splits : Shia / Sunni (660 CE)
16. Calander Form: Hijri (ھ) or Lunar Systemic
17. Faith on Jinns : Yes
18. Sacred Ideas : Ablution , Friday ,worship ,Ramadan , Jihad , Sharia , Quran-o Hadith , Five times Congregations , Faith on Angels and Holy Books , 5 pillars of Islam etc.
19. Goals of Life : Other World " Paradise "
20. After Life : Pleasant based on reward and punishment.
21. View on fellow Abrahamic religions : Jews and Christians are respected as " people of other holy books" but they have wrong beliefs and only partial revelation.
22. Faith on Jesus : Jesus true prophet of the Allah. Virgin birth.
23. Death of Jesus : Did not die but ascended into the heaven during crucifixion.
24. Resurrection of Jesus : Denied
25. Second Coming of Jesus : Affirmed
26. Members : More than 1.5 billions (2nd largest religion of the world)

    

    

*) Judaism:

1. Title of Followers : Jews
2. Origin : Mesopotamia (2000 BCE)
3. Holy Language : Hebrew
4. God Name : Yahweh , Elohim (YHWH)
5. Symbol (Likeable) : Star of Dravid
6. Place of Worship : Synagogue
7. Clergy : Rabbi
8. Sects : Orthodox / Conservative
9. Belief : Strict Monotheist
10. Holy Books : Torah / Talmud , Midrax, Responsa.
11. Holy Day : Saturday
12. Law : Ten(10) Commandments / Mishna , Canon Law.
13. Head : 
14. Religion State : Separate
15. Major Splits : Reform/Orthodox(1800 CE)
16. Calander Form : Solar Systematic
17. Faith on Jinns : Denied
18. Sacred Ideas : Covenant between good and the jewish people, Hannukkah ,Passover , Bar/Bas  Mitzvah, Zionism , Rosh Hashhanah , Yom Kippur , Wailing Wall.
19. Goals of Life : A moral life through obedience to God's law.
20. After Life : Arrival of Messiah do not presume to know. Lead a good life and the afterlife will take care itself.              
21. View on fellow Abrahamic religions : Islam and Christian are false. Interpretations and Extensions of Judaism.                                  
22. Faith on Jesus : Jesus was just a man. False prophet. Normal birth.
23. Death of Jesus : Death by crucifixion.
24. Resurrection of Jesus : Denied
25. Second Coming of Jesus : Denied
26. Members : More than 15 Millions (12th largest religion of the world)

    

   

*) Christianity:

1. Title of Followers : Christians
2. Origin : Palestine (33 CE)
3. Holy Language : Aramaic, Latin, Greese , English.
4. God Name : Yahweh , God
5. Symbol (Likeable) : The Cross
6. Place of Worship : Church , Chapel
7. Clergy : Priest , Preecher, Bishop & Pope.
8. Sects : Catholic / Protestant, Hundreds of other groups & denominations.
9. Belief : Trinitarian Monotheist.
10. Holy Book : Bible (Ten Commandments and Injeel)
11. Holy Day : Sunday
12. Law : Ten(10) Commandments,Halakha
13. Head : Church Father , Church Council , Papal decrees.
14. Religion State : Separate
15. Major Splits : Catholic/Orthodox (1054 CE ) ; Catholic / Protestant (1500 CE ).
16. Calander Form : Solar Systematic.
17. Faith on Jinns : Denied
18. Sacred Ideas : Sunday Worship, Golden rule , Jesus died for man's sins. Trinity: Father, Son and holy ghost; Messiah , Disciples , Baptism , Communion (Eucharist) & confirmation. Christmas , Easter.       
19. Goals of Life : Salvation / Damnation.
20. After Life : Heaven / Hell                   
21.  View on fellow Abrahamic religions : Judaism is a true religion but with incomplete revelation. Islam is a false religion.           
22. Faith on Jesus : Jesus was the son of the God. God incarnate.Sacraments savior of the world. Virgin Birth.
23. Death of Jesus : Death by Crucifixion.
24. Resurrection of Jesus : Affirmed
25. Second Coming of Jesus : Affirmed
26. Members : More than 2.1 Billions (1st largest religion of the world).

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Jawab-e-Shikwah of (Dr. Sir Mohammad Iqbal)

Shikwah of (Dr. Sir Mohammad Iqbal)